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از سنگ اورانيم تا بمب اتم
استخراج اورانيوم از معدن
اورانيوم كه ماده خام اصلي مورد نياز براي توليد انرژي در برنامه هاي صلح آميز يا نظامي هسته اي است، از طريق استخراج از معادن زيرزميني يا سر باز بدست مي آيد. اگر چه اين عنصر بطور طبيعي در سرتاسر جهان يافت ميشود اما تنها حجم كوچكي از آن بصورت متراكم در معادن موجود است.
هنگامي كه هسته اتم اورانيوم در يك واكنش زنجيره اي شكافته شود مقداري انرژي آزاد خواهد شد.
براي شكافت هسته اتم اورانيوم، يك نوترون به هسته آن شليك ميشود و در نتيجه اين فرايند، اتم مذكور به دو اتم كوچكتر تجزيه شده و تعدادي نوترون جديد نيز آزاد ميشود كه هركدام به نوبه خود ميتوانند هسته هاي جديدي را در يك فرايند زنجيره اي تجزيه كنند.
مجموع جرم اتمهاي كوچكتري كه از تجزيه اتم اورانيوم بدست مي آيد از كل جرم اوليه اين اتم كمتر است و اين بدان معناست كه مقداري از جرم اوليه كه ظاهرا ناپديد شده در واقع به انرژي تبديل شده است، و اين انرژي با استفاده از رابطه E=MC۲ يعني رابطه جرم و انرژي كه آلبرت اينشتين نخستين بار آنرا كشف كرد قابل محاسبه است.
اورانيوم به صورت دو ايزوتوپ مختلف در طبيعت يافت ميشود. يعني اورانيوم U۲۳۵ يا U۲۳۸ كه هر دو داراي تعداد پروتون يكساني بوده و تنها تفاوتشان در سه نوترون اضافه اي است كه در هسته U۲۳۸ وجود دارد. اعداد ۲۳۵ و ۲۳۸ بيانگر مجموع تعداد پروتونها و نوترونها در هسته هر كدام از اين دو ايزوتوپ است.
براي بدست آوردن بالاترين بازدهي در فرايند زنجيره اي شكافت هسته بايد از اورانيوم ۲۳۵ استفاده كرد كه هسته آن به سادگي شكافته ميشود. هنگامي كه اين نوع اورانيوم به اتمهاي كوچكتر تجزيه ميشود علاوه بر آزاد شدن مقداري انرژي حرارتي دو يا سه نوترون جديد نيز رها ميشود كه در صورت برخورد با اتمهاي جديد اورانيوم بازهم انرژي حرارتي بيشتر و نوترونهاي جديد آزاد ميشود.
اما بدليل "نيمه عمر" كوتاه اورانيوم ۲۳۵ و فروپاشي سريع آن، اين ايزوتوپ در طبيعت بسيار نادر است بطوري كه از هر ۱۰۰۰ اتم اورانيوم موجود در طبيعت تنها هفت اتم از نوع U۲۳۵ بوده و مابقي از نوع سنگينتر U۲۳۸ است.
فراوري
سنگ معدن اورانيوم بعد از استخراج، در آسيابهائي خرد و به گردي نرم تبديل ميشود. گرد بدست آمده سپس در يك فرايند شيميائي به ماده جامد زرد رنگي تبديل ميشود كه به كيك زرد موسوم است. كيك زرد داراي خاصيت راديو اكتيويته است و ۶۰ تا ۷۰ درصد آنرا اورانيوم تشكيل ميدهد.
دانشمندان هسته اي براي دست يابي هرچه بيشتر به ايزوتوپ نادر U۲۳۵ كه در توليد انرژي هسته اي نقشي كليدي دارد، از روشي موسوم به غني سازي استفاده مي كنند. براي اين كار، دانشمندان ابتدا كيك زرد را طي فرايندي شيميائي به ماده جامدي به نام هگزافلوئوريد اورانيوم تبديل ميكنند كه بعد از حرارت داده شدن در دماي حدود ۶۴ درجه سانتيگراد به گاز تبديل ميشود.
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كيك زرد داراي خاصيت راديو اكتيويته است و ۶۰ تا ۷۰ درصد آنرا اورانيوم تشكيل ميدهد |
هگزافلوئوريد اورانيوم كه در صنعت با نام ساده هگز شناخته ميشود ماده شيميائي خورنده ايست كه بايد آنرا با احتياط نگهداري و جابجا كرد. به همين دليل پمپها و لوله هائي كه براي انتقال اين گاز در تاسيسات فراوري اورانيوم بكار ميروند بايد از آلومينيوم و آلياژهاي نيكل ساخته شوند. همچنين به منظور پيشگيري از هرگونه واكنش شيميايي برگشت ناپذير بايد اين گاز را دور از معرض روغن و مواد چرب كننده ديگر نگهداري كرد.
غني سازي
هدف از غني سازي توليد اورانيومي است كه داراي درصد بالايي از ايزوتوپ U۲۳۵ باشد.
اورانيوم مورد استفاده در راكتورهاي اتمي بايد به حدي غني شود كه حاوي ۲ تا ۳ درصد اورانيوم ۲۳۵ باشد، در حالي كه اورانيومي كه در ساخت بمب اتمي بكار ميرود حداقل بايد حاوي ۹۰ درصد اورانيوم ۲۳۵ باشد.
يكي از روشهاي معمول غني سازي استفاده از دستگاههاي سانتريفوژ گاز است.
سانتريفوژ از اتاقكي سيلندري شكل تشكيل شده كه با سرعت بسيار زياد حول محور خود مي چرخد. هنگامي كه گاز هگزا فلوئوريد اورانيوم به داخل اين سيلندر دميده شود نيروي گريز از مركز ناشي از چرخش آن باعث ميشود كه مولكولهاي سبكتري كه حاوي اورانيوم ۲۳۵ است در مركز سيلندر متمركز شوند و مولكولهاي سنگينتري كه حاوي اورانيوم ۲۳۸ هستند در پايين سيلندر انباشته شوند.
اورانيوم ۲۳۵ غني شده اي كه از اين طريق بدست مي آيد سپس به داخل سانتريفوژ ديگري دميده ميشود تا درجه خلوص آن باز هم بالاتر رود. اين عمل بارها و بارها توسط سانتريفوژهاي متعددي كه بطور سري به يكديگر متصل ميشوند تكرار ميشود تا جايي كه اورانيوم ۲۳۵ با درصد خلوص مورد نياز بدست آيد.
آنچه كه پس از جدا سازي اورانيوم ۲۳۵ باقي ميماند به نام اورانيوم خالي يا فقير شده شناخته ميشود كه اساسا از اورانيوم ۲۳۸ تشكيل يافته است. اورانيوم خالي فلز بسيار سنگيني است كه اندكي خاصيت راديو اكتيويته دارد و از آن براي ساخت گلوله هاي توپ ضد زره پوش و اجزاي برخي جنگ افزار هاي ديگر از جمله منعكس كننده نوتروني در بمب اتمي استفاده ميشود.
يك شيوه ديگر غني سازي روشي موسوم به ديفيوژن يا روش انتشاري است.
دراين روش گاز هگزافلوئوريد اورانيوم به داخل ستونهايي كه جدار آنها از اجسام متخلخل تشكيل شده دميده ميشود. سوراخهاي موجود در جسم متخلخل بايد قدري از قطر مولكول هگزافلوئوريد اورانيوم بزرگتر باشد.
در نتيجه اين كار مولكولهاي سبكتر حاوي اورانيوم ۲۳۵ با سرعت بيشتري در اين ستونها منتشر شده و تفكيك ميشوند. اين روش غني سازي نيز بايد مانند روش سانتريفوژ بارها و باره تكرار شود.
راكتور هسته اي
راكتور هسته اي وسيله ايست كه در آن فرايند شكافت هسته اي بصورت كنترل شده انجام ميگيرد. انرژي حرارتي بدست آمده از اين طريق را مي توان براي بخار كردن آب و به گردش درآوردن توربين هاي بخار ژنراتورهاي الكتريكي مورد استفاده قرار داد.
اورانيوم غني شده ، معمولا به صورت قرصهائي كه سطح مقطعشان به اندازه يك سكه معمولي و ضخامتشان در حدود دو و نيم سانتيمتر است در راكتورها به مصرف ميرسند. اين قرصها روي هم قرار داده شده و ميله هايي را تشكيل ميدهند كه به ميله سوخت موسوم است. ميله هاي سوخت سپس در بسته هاي چندتائي دسته بندي شده و تحت فشار و در محيطي عايقبندي شده نگهداري ميشوند.
در بسياري از نيروگاهها براي جلوگيري از گرم شدن بسته هاي سوخت در داخل راكتور، اين بسته ها را داخل آب سرد فرو مي برند. در نيروگاههاي ديگر براي خنك نگه داشتن هسته راكتور ، يعني جائي كه فرايند شكافت هسته اي در آن رخ ميدهد ، از فلز مايع (سديم) يا گاز دي اكسيد كربن استفاده مي شود.
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1- هسته راكتور 2-پمپ خنك كننده 3- ميله هاي سوخت 4- مولد بخار 5- هدايت بخار به داخل توربين مولد برق |
براي توليد انرژي گرمائي از طريق فرايند شكافت هسته اي ، اورانيومي كه در هسته راكتور قرار داده ميشود بايد از جرم بحراني بيشتر (فوق بحراني) باشد. يعني اورانيوم مورد استفاده بايد به حدي غني شده باشد كه امكان آغاز يك واكنش زنجيره اي مداوم وجود داشته باشد.
براي تنظيم و كنترل فرايند شكافت هسته اي در يك راكتور از ميله هاي كنترلي كه معمولا از جنس كادميوم است استفاده ميشود. اين ميله ها با جذب نوترونهاي آزاد در داخل راكتور از تسريع واكنشهاي زنجيره اي جلوگيري ميكند. زيرا با كاهش تعداد نوترونها ، تعداد واكنشهاي زنجيره اي نيز كاهش ميابد.
حدودا ۴۰۰ نيروگاه هسته اي در سرتاسر جهان فعال هستند كه تقريبا ۱۷ درصد كل برق مصرفي در جهان را تامين ميكنند. از جمله كاربردهاي ديگر راكتورهاي هسته اي، توليد نيروي محركه لازم براي جابجايي ناوها و زيردريايي هاي اتمي است.
باز فراوري
براي بازيافت اورانيوم از سوخت هسته اي مصرف شده در راكتور از عمليات شيميايي موسوم به بازفراوري استفاده ميشود. در اين عمليات، ابتدا پوسته فلزي ميله هاي سوخت مصرف شده را جدا ميسازند و سپس آنها را در داخل اسيد نيتريك داغ حل ميكنند.
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در نتيجه اين عمليات، ۱% پلوتونيوم ، ۳% مواد زائد به شدت راديو اكتيو و ۹۶% اورانيوم بدست مي آيد كه دوباره ميتوان آنرا در راكتور به مصرف رساند.
راكتورهاي نظامي اين كار را بطور بسيار موثرتري انجام ميدهند. راكتور و تاسيسات باز فراوري مورد نياز براي توليد پلوتونيوم را ميتوان بطور پنهاني در داخل ساختمانهاي معمولي جاسازي كرد. به همين دليل، توليد پلوتونيوم به اين طريق، براي هر كشوري كه بخواهد بطور مخفيانه تسليحات اتمي توليد كند گزينه جذابي خواهد بود.
بمب پلوتونيومي
استفاده از پلوتونيوم به جاي اورانيوم در ساخت بمب اتمي مزاياي بسياري دارد. تنها چهار كيلوگرم پلوتونيوم براي ساخت بمب اتمي با قدرت انفجار ۲۰ كيلو تن كافي است. در عين حال با تاسيسات بازفراوري نسبتا كوچكي ميتوان چيزي حدود ۱۲ كيلوگرم پلوتونيوم در سال توليد كرد.
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بمب پلوتونيومي 1- منبع يا مولد نوتروني 2- هسته پلوتونيومي 3- پوسته منعكس كننده (بريليوم) 4- ماده منفجره پرقدرت 5- چاشني انفجاري |
كلاهك هسته اي شامل گوي پلوتونيومي است كه اطراف آنرا پوسته اي موسوم به منعكس كننده نوتروني فرا گرفته است. اين پوسته كه معمولا از تركيب بريليوم و پلونيوم ساخته ميشود، نوترونهاي آزادي را كه از فرايند شكافت هسته اي به بيرون ميگريزند، به داخل اين فرايند بازمي تاباند.
استفاده از منعكس كننده نوتروني عملا جرم بحراني را كاهش ميدهد و باعث ميشود كه براي ايجاد واكنش زنجيره اي مداوم به پلوتونيوم كمتري نياز باشد.
براي كشور يا گروه تروريستي كه بخواهد بمب اتمي بسازد، توليد پلوتونيوم با كمك راكتورهاي هسته اي غير نظامي از تهيه اورانيوم غني شده آسانتر خواهد بود. كارشناسان معتقدند كه دانش و فناوري لازم براي طراحي و ساخت يك بمب پلوتونيومي ابتدائي، از دانش و فنآوري كه حمله كنندگان با گاز اعصاب به شبكه متروي توكيو در سال ۱۹۹۵ در اختيار داشتند پيشرفته تر نيست.
چنين بمب پلوتونيومي ميتواند با قدرتي معادل ۱۰۰ تن تي ان تي منفجر شود، يعني ۲۰ مرتبه قويتر از قدرتمندترين بمبگزاري تروريستي كه تا كنون در جهان رخ داده است.
بمب اورانيومي
هدف طراحان بمبهاي اتمي ايجاد يك جرم فوق بحراني ( از اورانيوم يا پلوتونيوم) است كه بتواند طي يك واكنش زنجيره اي مداوم و كنترل نشده، مقادير متنابهي انرژي حرارتي آزاد كند.
يكي از ساده ترين شيوه هاي ساخت بمب اتمي استفاده از طرحي موسوم به "تفنگي" است كه در آن گلوله كوچكي از اورانيوم كه از جرم بحراني كمتر بوده به سمت جرم بزرگتري از اورانيوم شليك ميشود بگونه اي كه در اثر برخورد اين دو قطعه، جرم كلي فوق بحراني شده و باعث آغاز واكنش زنجيره اي و انفجار هسته اي ميشود.
كل اين فرايند در كسر كوچكي از ثانيه رخ ميدهد.
جهت توليد سوخت مورد نياز بمب اتمي، هگزا فلوئوريد اورانيوم غني شده را ابتدا به اكسيد اورانيوم و سپس به شمش فلزي اورانيوم تبديل ميكنند. انجام اين كار از طريق فرايندهاي شيميائي و مهندسي نسبتا ساده اي امكان پذير است.
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+ نوشته شده در چهارشنبه سی ام مرداد ۱۳۸۷ ساعت 11:3 PM توسط ...
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کارنامه یک احمق
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قابل توجه داوطلبين : به پيام ها و توضيحات ارائه شده در کارنامه به دقت توجه فرماييد . |
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بالای فرم
:اعلام علاقه مندي بر اساس تقاضانامه
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+ نوشته شده در یکشنبه بیست و هفتم مرداد ۱۳۸۷ ساعت 3:31 PM توسط ...
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The spirit of Montague Keen watched helplessly as his body was loaded into an ambulance. His wife, Veronica, stared blankly into the distance, tears flooding down her face. Her friends whispered words of hope, but in her heart she knew her husband was dead.
Moments before his, Montague was engaged in a passionate debate on the paranormal at the Royal Society of Arts in London. But then a massive heart attack felled his mortal body in the blink of an eye.
As his life slipped away, the 78-year-old reaffirmed the pact he had made with his wife. Both promised that whoever died first would work from the spirit world to prove that life continued after death. It was a romantic pledge on an epic scale and one that Monty was determined to keep.
And now, scientists in America appear to have found compelling evidence that Montague’s soul has indeed survived physical death and is working from the spirit world to fulfil his promise to Veronica.
“Monty still exists,” says Professor Gary Schwartz of the University of Arizona. “He is passing information to us through mediums. It’s clear to me that Monty is continuing his work from the other side.”
Montague Keen died on January 15 2004 following a massive heart attack. Although he earned his living as a gentleman farmer and journalist, his first love was the paranormal. He was a member of the committee of the Society for Psychical Research for many years and investigated many strange phenomena such as crop circles and life after death.
Because of his track record, many researchers believed that if anyone could return from the spirit world with evidence of life after death, it would be Montague. They did not have long to wait.
Just six days after his death, the first tentative evidence of his spiritual survival appeared. During his wake, the medium Dinesh Solanki apparently saw Montague standing next to a TV set with a huge smile on his face. Dinesh says that Montague was hugely enjoying his wake. Moments later, a picture came crashing down off the wall.
Over the following days and weeks, mediums around the world started receiving messages from an unknown spirit. At first the messages were a little fuzzy, almost out of focus. The words were a little garbled, as if a child was learning to talk for the first time. But very quickly the thoughts and messages became clearer and sharper. It was obvious that a powerful mind was at work.
One of the first mediums to receive a coherent message was Dinesh.
“Monty came through loud and clear,” says Dinesh. “He said that he wanted Veronica to convert his ashes into a diamond which was to be worn as a necklace. I was a little shocked because it sounded a strange thing to do.”
Moments before his, Montague was engaged in a passionate debate on the paranormal at the Royal Society of Arts in London. But then a massive heart attack felled his mortal body in the blink of an eye.
As his life slipped away, the 78-year-old reaffirmed the pact he had made with his wife. Both promised that whoever died first would work from the spirit world to prove that life continued after death. It was a romantic pledge on an epic scale and one that Monty was determined to keep.
And now, scientists in America appear to have found compelling evidence that Montague’s soul has indeed survived physical death and is working from the spirit world to fulfil his promise to Veronica.
“Monty still exists,” says Professor Gary Schwartz of the University of Arizona. “He is passing information to us through mediums. It’s clear to me that Monty is continuing his work from the other side.”
Montague Keen died on January 15 2004 following a massive heart attack. Although he earned his living as a gentleman farmer and journalist, his first love was the paranormal. He was a member of the committee of the Society for Psychical Research for many years and investigated many strange phenomena such as crop circles and life after death.
Because of his track record, many researchers believed that if anyone could return from the spirit world with evidence of life after death, it would be Montague. They did not have long to wait.
Just six days after his death, the first tentative evidence of his spiritual survival appeared. During his wake, the medium Dinesh Solanki apparently saw Montague standing next to a TV set with a huge smile on his face. Dinesh says that Montague was hugely enjoying his wake. Moments later, a picture came crashing down off the wall.
Over the following days and weeks, mediums around the world started receiving messages from an unknown spirit. At first the messages were a little fuzzy, almost out of focus. The words were a little garbled, as if a child was learning to talk for the first time. But very quickly the thoughts and messages became clearer and sharper. It was obvious that a powerful mind was at work.
One of the first mediums to receive a coherent message was Dinesh.
“Monty came through loud and clear,” says Dinesh. “He said that he wanted Veronica to convert his ashes into a diamond which was to be worn as a necklace. I was a little shocked because it sounded a strange thing to do.”
Veronica was stunned by this insight: “Monty and I were discussing this in bed the night before he died. Dinesh could not have known this. It was known only to me and Monty. For me, this was the first concrete evidence that Monty had indeed survived death.”
Shortly afterwards, the Irish medium Christine Holohan received a message for Veronica from Montague. It was simple and to the point.
“He wanted to remind me to plant the spring barley,” says Veronica. As a former permanent secretary to the parliamentary committee of the National Farmers’ Union, it was certainly a subject close to his heart.
“It was pure Monty to worry about getting the crops planted in time,” laughs Veronica.
Shortly after Montague had honed his communication skills, mediums around the world started receiving messages for Veronica. Psychics from Britain, Germany, New Zealand and the US contacted her to say that Montague still passionately loved her and that she should continue her work trying to prove that the soul survives physical death.
“People assume that only the young can love this deeply,” says Veronica. “That only the love of the young is so deep and passionate that it can reach out through death. But that’s just not true. We are soul mates that should never be apart. We are still connected emotionally and spiritually.
All of this spiritual chatter from Montague eventually caught the ear of Professor Gary Schwartz of the University of Arizona. Professor Schwartz is one of the world’s foremost academic experts on the paranormal, with an enviable roster of scientific papers under his belt. He immediately saw the value of trying to make contact with Montague.
Professor Schwartz moved swiftly to begin a rigorous scientifically controlled study of Montague’s apparent return. When the first results were analysed, they were amazing to say the least. Professor Schwartz says that over 80 per cent of the information transmitted by Montague to the medium proved to be correct. During a second study, the success rate was greater than 90 per cent.
Montague’s spirit was able to accurately describe his death and where it happened. He also described the manner of his father’s death in World War II.
Montague’s spirit revealed that September 23rd was very important to him – this is the date of his wedding anniversary. Given that the medium did not even know Montague’s or Veronica ‘s surname, there is no realistic way of the medium knowing this information.
But even more bizarrely, a medium that produces sculptures of departed pets contacted Professor Schwartz with a very unusual figurine. It was a bust of Montague, and one that was instantly recognisable to Veronica. The medium says that she did not know Montague, but that his spirit had instructed her to make the sculpture and take it to Professor Schwartz
If Professor Schwartz’s work proves to be correct then it offers a fascinating glimpse into the afterlife. He has already begun to ‘debrief’ Montague about his experiences.
“Monty was surprised about how real the afterlife appeared to be,” says Professor Schwartz. “He was surprised about how easy it was to ‘experience’ Veronica and life in general. It’s almost as if he’s walking amongst us.
“He says that time does not exist in the afterlife in the same way it does for us. He experiences time because it affects those he loves not because it affects him directly. He’s also less worried about what people think of him.”
Whilst Veronica understands the significance of Professor Schwart’s work, she is clearly more interested in reaching out to Montague.
“I miss him so, so much,” says Veronica. My one consolation is that Monty can’t wait to show me around the spirit world. We travelled all around this world together so eternity just has to be next.”
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Exorcism in the Orthodox Church Rev. George C. Papademetriou, Ph.D.
The Doctrine of Evil To understand the Orthodox view and practice of exorcism, one must know the Orthodox presuppositions of evil and its doctrine of Satan. The patristic evidence points to the fact that the cause of evil in the world is the devil. The devil was created by God as an angel, who was free, and as a free agent chose to oppose the plan of God. That is, the devil is a fallen angel. Satan is not evil by nature, but by will and action. In Satan there is no truth whatsoever; he is absolute falsehood and deception. Satan is not just a negation or deprivation of good, but a positive force with free will that always chooses evil. The devil has the ability to recognize divine power, as in the incident of recognizing Christ as the Son of God (Matt. 4:1-11; Luke 4:1-3). Satan has under his leadership legions and invisible powers, with their own "satanic teachings." The devil and evil spirits know that God exists and recognize true and devoted Christians, but pious Christians discern the plans of the devil. The devil, however, constantly employs every method of deception to enslave man to satanic forces and causes rebellion against God. He is the cause of corruption and disorder, a parasitic power in the world that will ultimately be destroyed by the power of God in the "last days." Because there is no compromise between God and the devil, the struggle will continue until the end. The Orthodox doctrine of God is that He is eternal, uncreated and incorporeal. All other creatures, both visible and invisible, were created by God as free. The power of the devil will ultimately be destroyed by the resurrection of the dead and the renewal of creation. Salvation from all evil will be attained by obedience to God and His plan. This world is a battleground between the acceptance of good and evil. It must be pointed out that the world as the creation of God is not evil. What is evil is the satanic power, destroyed by the power of the cross and the resurrection of Christ. The Orthodox Tradition of Exorcising After examining the doctrine of Satan in the Orthodox Church, it is imperative to proceed to the method of repelling and exorcising the evil powers. In the New Testament, Christ sent out His apostles to heal and to "cast out devils" (Matt. 10:8, Luke 10:17-20). Christ Himself often expels demons from the possessed (Mark 1:23-27; Luke 4:33-35, 9:43; Matt. 10:1; Mark 16:17; Matt. 7:22). The New Testament, however, rejected popular uses of magic incantations and rites to expel the satanic powers from people, because they took advantage of superstitious religiosity (Acts 19:13). In the name of Christ, one is able to cast out demons and to destroy the evil powers (Matt. 10:8). The Fathers of the Church accepted this doctrine and expanded on it. Justin Martyr (Apology 85, 2) says that in the name of Christ, the Son of God who was crucified and rose again, every demon that is exorcised is defeated and submits (Library of the Greek Fathers and Church Writers, Athens: Apostolike Diakonia 1955, Vol. 3, pp. 288-89). The satanic powers are destroyed through the power of the cross and the name of Christ. Objects possessed by demons, when exorcised in the name of the living God, are freed from the possession of evil. The patristic evidence is abundant in the belief in possession and expulsion of the devil by the power of the word of God (Ignatios, Epistles to Philippians 3 and 12; Library of the Greek Fathers and Church Writers, Vol. 2, pp. 333 and 336; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 4:14; Library, Vol 8, p. 82; Origen, Against Celsus, 6:44; Library, Vol. 10, p. 93). The demonic possession of individuals and even of objects, has been accepted by the Orthodox Church today in the Sacrament of Baptism, in exorcising satanic powers in the case of the evil eye (vaskania), and in exorcising the devil in the case of a possessed person. In the early Church exorcisms were performed by a person especially trained and appointed to pray to drive out evil from those about to be baptized. Since the fourth century the place of the exorcist, as well as other functions and ministries, have been taken over by the priest. The exorcisms are prayers that invoke God to expel evil spirits. The priest prays to expel all evil, the spirit of error, of idolatry, of covetousness, of Iying and every impure act that arises from the teachings of the devil. The renunciation of the devil in baptism is used in every baptism that is performed in the Orthodox Church. Vaskania The exorcism of satanic powers is also performed by the Orthodox Church in other rites, such as that of the evil eye (vaskania). Vaskania is simply a phenomenon that was accepted by primitive people as fact. They believed that certain people have such powerful feelings of jealousy and envy, that when they looked on some beautiful object or individual it brought destruction. Vaskania is recognized by the Church as the jealousy and envy of some people for things they do not possess, such as beauty, youth, courage or any other blessing. The Church essentially rejected Vaskania as contradicting the concept of divine providence. The prayers of the Church to avert the evil eye are, however, a silent recognition of this phenomenon as a morbid feeling of envy. The Church forbids people to go to "readers" or other individuals for use of magical rituals to overcome the evil eye. These readers take advantage of the weakness of superstitious people and destroy them spiritually and financially by playing upon their imagination. There is also a secret rite performed by superstitious people to avert the evil eye, which verges on magic. Though the Church encourages even the laity to pray and exorcise evil, it rejects magical practices and rites. This secret rite is described as follows: "The exorcist (not a priest but an old woman) prepares a vial of olive oil and a small glass of water. She dips a finger in the oil, rubs it in a sign of the Cross on the victim's forehead and lets one drop fall onto the water; she repeats the process, making a cross on the forehead, on the chin and both cheeks. If the devil is indeed present, the four drops of oil in the water join to form the ellipsoid shape of an eye. The ritual then calls for the reading of prayers and repeating the four signs of the Cross; the drops of oil will not join in the water, but will disperse." The possession of individuals by the devil and demonic powers and the cure in the name of Christ is evidenced in the New Testament (Acts 3:2-8, 9:32-42; 20:7-12; Matt. 10:8; Mark 16:17-18). The Church continues in its liturgical rites what Christ enacted in His ministry. The Church recognizes the influence of evil and renounces it in the name of Christ in prayers and fasting. The prayers of exorcism in the early Church were offered by special ministry through the exorcist. This is evidenced from the early prayers that have survived. From the fourth century onwards, the ministry of the exorcist has been fulfilled by the priest. Orthodox Prayers of Exorcism All the Orthodox prayer books include prayers of exorcism used by priests to fight the power of evil. The Orthodox Book of Prayers (Euchologion To Mega) includes three prayers of exorcism by Saint Basil and four by Saint John Chrysostom. They are read "for those who suffer from demonic possessions and every other malady." Through these prayers, the devil is exorcised (renounced) "in the name of God Almighty and the Lord Jesus Christ, and commanded to come out of the victim, who is liberated and redeemed by the eternal God from the energies (powers) of the impure spirits. The great ills that humanity suffers are attributed to the devil and demonic power." From the Orthodox theological point of view, the following can be considered exorcists:
In summary, the four prayers of exorcism by Saint John Chrysostom and the three of Saint Basil ask in the name of God to deliver the possessed from the captivity of the devil. Some can be healed by faith accompanied by fasting and purification. The use of exorcism must be made with discretion and great care. (For details, see G. Papademetriou, "Exorcism and the Greek Orthodox Church," in Exorcism Through the Ages, New York: Philosophical Library, 1974.) Copyright: © 1990-1996 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
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بعده مضاحه لوح جن اسم عفریت واسم ملک و اسم اعظم بدین طریق استخراج کند مثلا عدد مفتاحه لوح جن این 539 به طرح کهیج که 38 باشد باقی این 501 حروفه این ثاکهیج بعده ازاعداد مفتاحه لوح جن اسم ملک استخراج کند" عدد مفتاحه لوح جن اسم ملک استخراج کند عدد مفتاحه این 539 بطرح ایل 51 باقی این 488 اسم ملک این یاثا کهیج بعده از اعداد مفتاحه که این است 539 اسم اعظم استخراج کند که این باشد:رحیم الرحماء بعده اسم عفریت و اسم ملک واسم اعظم همه را قسم اسم جن خود سازد بدین سند: بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم اللهم یا رب انت میسر بدیع سخرلی جنی اجب یا من عنده مفاتح الغیب Exorcism From OrthodoxWiki Jump to: navigation, search This article or section needs a cleanup to bring it to a higher standard of quality. Recommendation: Needs encyclopedic style, development of topics rather than listing More detailed comments may be noted on the talk page. You can help OrthodoxWiki by editing it, especially to conform to the Style Manual and the suggestions in How to write a great article. This article or section is a stub (i.e., in need of additional material). You can help OrthodoxWiki by expanding it. Exorcism is the rite of prayer which expels demons from a person or physical object. The most common use of exorcism in the Church is at the reception of a catechumen, which is most often included at the beginning of the baptismal rite, and during the Great Blessing of Water which is done on the baptismal waters and at Theophany. An exorcism may also be performed if it is believed that a person is suffering from demonic influence. · Exorcism in the prayers for entrance into the Catechumenate · Exorcism prayers of St. Basil the Great
Prayer of interdiction of St. Basil the Great that is read by a priest over one suffering from demons O God of gods and Lord of lords, Creator of the fiery ranks, and Fashioner of the fleshless powers, the Artisan of heavenly things and those under the heavens, Whom no man has seen, nor is able to see, Whom all creation fears: Into the dark depths of Hell You hurled the commander who had become proud, and who, because of his disobedient service, was cast down from the height to earth, as well as the angels that fell away with him, all having become evil demons. Grant that this my exorcism being performed in Your awesome name, be terrible to the Master of evil and to all his minions who had fallen with him from the height of brightness. Drive him into banishment, commanding him to depart hence, so that no harm might be worked against Your sealed Image. And, as You have commanded, let those who are sealed receive the strength to tread upon serpents and scorpions, and upon all power of the Enemy. For manifested, hymned, and glorified with fear, by everything that has breath is Your most holy Name: of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever and into ages of ages. Amen. · Exorcist as a minor order. History and significance. · Exorcism and holy water. Theophany. Blessing of objects. Censings. The Sign of the Cross. · Exorcism today. · Exorcism in the Orthodox Church - Rev. George C. Papademetriou, Ph.D. (on Goarch.org) · Excorcism - Rev. George Mastrantonis (on Goarch.org) There are many books about exorcism and demonology that go to one extreme or another. These resources are some of the better ones we have found. As always, read with discretion. · An Exorcist Tells His Story by Fr. Gabriele Amorth (Roman Catholic) - Fr. Amorth is an official exorcist of the diocese of Rome. His commentary and experience is certainly worth engaging. ISBN 0898707102 · An Exorcist: More Stories - also by Fr. Amorth ISBN 0898709172 · The Demonologist: The Extraordinary Career of Ed and Lorraine Warren by Gerald Brittle - Please read with caution. · War on the Saints by Jessie Penn-Lewis - A classic Protestant/Pentecostal work. · Interview With an Exorcist: An Insider's Look at the Devil, Demonic Possession, and the Path to Deliverance by Fr. Jose Antonio Fortea · Rites of the Catholic Church, vol. 2 - Contains the new rite of exorcism (? - can somebody verify this--To my knowledge, this book does not contain the rite of exorcism. I know that the Vatican recently came out with a "Vatican II" version of the rite (under JP II) which reportedly failed when JP II tried to use it. ISBN 0814660371 The Catechism of the Catholic Church (s. 1673) has this to say about exorcism: When the Church asks publicly and authoritatively in the name of Jesus Christ that a person or object be protected against the power of the Evil One and withdrawn from his dominion, it is called exorcism. Jesus performed exorcisms and from him the Church has received the power and office of exorcizing. [Cf. Mk 1:25-26; 3:15; 6:7, 13; 16:17.] In a simple form, exorcism is performed at the celebration of Baptism. The solemn exorcism, called "a major exorcism," can be performed only by a priest and with the permission of the bishop. The priest must proceed with prudence, strictly observing the rules established by the Church. Exorcism is directed at the expulsion of demons or to the liberation from demonic possession through the spiritual authority which Jesus entrusted to his Church. Illness, especially psychological illness, is a very different matter; treating this is the concern of medical science. Therefore, before an exorcism is performed, it is important to ascertain that one is dealing with the presence of the Evil One, and not an illness. · Video of Russian Orthodox Exorcism · News stories about the exorcism and death of a Romanian nun, June 2005 · A Coptic Exorcist - An Exorcism preformed by a Coptic Orthodox priest, notice that some of those possesed are Muslims. · A Coptic Exorcist part 2 - Another clips of a Coptic Orthodox priest performing an exorcism, many of the people present are Muslims. The young man confesses, "Jesus is Allah." · The Evil Eye (vaskania) Retrieved from "http://www.orthodoxwiki.org/Exorcism" Categories: Articles needing cleanup | Stubs | Liturgics Categories > Liturgics
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